The Korean Divide essays

The Korean Divide expositions North Korea and South Korea was once one nation joined. That changed not long after World War II. Since the Soviet Union controlled North Korea it was for the most part Communist. North and South Korea were isolated on the 38th equal line. The United States controlled South Korea so it was chiefly law based. The Korean War started on June 25, 1950, when troops from Communist-controlled North Korea attacked South Korea. The Korean War was the main war where a world association, the United Nations (UN), assumed a military job. The UN felt that the intrusion was an infringement of universal harmony, and requested that the Communists pull back from South Korea. After North Korea continued battling the UN requested that its part countries help South Korea with military assistance. Sixteen nations sent soldiers to South America and 41 different nations sent military gear, food, and different supplies. China battled in favor of North Korea, and the USSR gave military hardware toward the North Koreans. North Korea attacked South Korea on the grounds that there was a difference between the two nations. The UN General Assembly advised Korea to hold races all through the whole nation. The decisions were to pick one government for the whole nation. The Soviet Union restricted this thought and would not allow decisions in North Korea. On May 10, 1947, the individuals of South Korea chose a national get together. The gathering decided to set up the Republic of Korea. On September 9, North Korean Communists built up the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. At the point when both North and South asserted the whole nation, their soldiers impacted. North Korea had around 135,000 fighters in their military. The greater part of the troopers battled for China or the Soviet Union in WWII. North Korea had numerous preferences over the South Korean Army. The North had planes, big guns, and tanks. South Korea had around 95,000 officers, hardly any planes or overwhelming firearms, and abdominal muscle ... <!

African press draws Haiti essays

African press draws Haiti articles African press draws Haiti exercises On Sunday, February 29, 2004 Jean-Bertrand Aristide left the nation of Haiti. It is obscure with respect to where the ousted President went to considering all kind of interchanges were cut of the earlier week in Haiti. The radio broadcasts were closed down; the TV slots were closed down and everybody were encouraged to remain inside. The hazy updates on Aristides whereabouts is exclusively for his wellbeing, so we are told. There was news that Aristide should go to Puerto Rico, however that arranged changed in the wake of finding that ex-president Cedars was sitting tight for Aristide in Haiti. The ex-leader of Haiti worked intimately with the revolutionaries of Haiti in the numerous overthrow reports that have happened while in office. Many radio broadcasts in Haiti presently are expressing that Aristide has gone to Africa. This is as yet talk as indicated by a 1020am Haitian station in Miami, FL. Despite the fact that there is little cheer for the intercession in Haiti, there is less for President Aristide who helped seal his own destiny, says South Africa's This Day. The observers in Africa truly dont need Aristide to shield there in light of the fact that they dread the issues, which follows Aristide. I ask myself as well as other people being referred to for what reason Africa. Aristide didnt leave the nation intentionally. It appears as if he did, yet when somebody recommend something to you just as you NEED to do it as opposed to you SHOULD, becomes as you actually now having a decision in the issue. I as well, accept that by Aristide going to Africa (if that is the situation) it some way or another spot the African nation in a tight position. Today Chief Justice, Bonaface Alexandre, a notable, very much regarded Law educator in Haiti, is controlling the Republic of Haiti. ... <!

SIPA Washington, D.C. Career Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Washington, D.C. Career Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Each year the SIPA Office of Career Services hosts a Career Fair in Washington, D.C. It is a two day event featuring panel discussions, a reception, and a day dedicated to informational interviews in the D.C. area. The Office of Alumni Affairs also is involved in planning the event and helps to ensure strong alumni participation. Dan Perez is a SIPA student that attended the event who volunteered to write about his experience. The Washington D.C. Career Conference was a superb event and was incredibly helpful for my ongoing internship search. The first day of the event was broken out into four different information sessions organized by career sector. I attended four sessions that day, including National Security, Consulting, Capitol Hill / Govt, and Research / Advocacy. In all four cases, the panels were well organized with alumni showing breadth of experience in those sectors. During each session, the alumni discussed their current positions, a bit about their time at SIPA and how the two were related. In all cases, they were very open about how SIPA had positively influenced their career prospects. Each session concluded with some spare time to approach the alumni individually, ask more specific questions and inquire about ongoing opportunities. The first day was capped by a reception held at the glamorous Four Seasons Hotel in the Georgetown neighborhood of D.C. With more than a hundred alumni in attendance, it provided opportunities for mingling both with new alumni and those at the earlier sessions. I followed up with an alumnus from Bearing Point from the session and asked him in-depth questions about the companys work and culture. I met younger alums only a year out of SIPA whom confessed of their longing to be back in New York City. I also talked with older alums who provided a great outlook on the D.C. job market and how great a time it was to enter government service. The second day of the conference provided time for scheduled informational interviews as well as previous site visits. I utilized the time to reach out to two alumni, one from my previous employer, the other from the Office of Management and Budget in the White House. In both cases, the alumni were very eager to chat about their careers as well as to catch up at current developments at SIPA. I left the conference very renewed in my job search.

Jewish Population And The United States - 2957 Words

Jewish Americans individuals are American citizens of either Jewish faith or ethnicity. The Pew Research Center 2013 survey indicates that the Jewish population, referring only to people whose religion is Jewish, totals at about 1.8% of the entire U.S. adult population, which is 4.2 million people (Chapter 1, 2013). When looking at the Jewish population of the U.S. (through association of religion or culture) the populace is estimated at between 5.5 and 6 million, making the U.S. the second largest home to the Jewish population, the first being Israel (Sherwin, n.d.). When comparing this data to the 1957 Current Population Survey, is it clear that the numbers have indeed risen. The amount of Jewish adults, by religion, rose about 15% over the last half-century (Chapter 1, 2013), while not a drastic number it certainly shows the American Jewish population is surely growing. This means that as more Jews continue to come to the United States, it is important that we learn to better und erstand them and their customs. American Jews are growing and slowly becoming a larger part of our society; by becoming better informed about the Jewish society and issues, we will be able to acquire a new perspective on how they live and incorporate themselves into the American culture. Regardless of the growing frequency of Jewish migrating to the United States, the community continues to confront the many issues as part of their assimilation. Through this process of assimilating,Show MoreRelatedA Creation For A Home For The Jewish People1488 Words   |  6 PagesPopulation movements are described as the repositioning of large, swaths of people through the process of human migration. 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It is not known when the leaders of Nazi Germany definitively decided to implement their plan to eradicate the Jews† (â€Å"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,† 2015). Although, the genocide, or mass destructionRead MoreLife in the Ghettos: Controlling and Segret1328 Words   |  6 Pagesoriginate. The term â€Å"ghetto† originated from the name of the Jewish quarter in Venice, established in 1516, in which the Venetian authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live (United States United Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013). The creation of ghettos for Jews in Frankfurt, Rome, Prague, and other cities were ordered by various officials, ranging from local municipal authorities to the Austrian Emperor Charles V. (United States United Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013). German occupation authoritiesRead MoreThe Holocausts Effect on the German Jew Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesgoal in life was to eliminate the Jewish populat ion. 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What could be the reason for doing nothing for so long, could it have b een the fact that they were completely unaware of what exactly

Essay on Marketing Plan For Gosford All Blacks R - 4103 Words

U55040: Principles of Marketing Management Marketing Plan For Gosford All Blacks RFC Name: Long Wai Student number: 13097771 Word count: 3016 words Table of Contents Executive Summary.......................................................................................................3 Organization Description...............................................................................................4 The Mission.....................................................................................................................4 The Goals........................................................................................................................5 Environmental†¦show more content†¦The Mission The mission of Gosford All Blacks is to aim to be the premier organization for providing quality rugby football in England, and throughout the UK. Through is quintessence of community involvement and sportsmanship while offering top-level rugby facilities. More importantly, the Gosford All Blacks mission is to offer harmonious, reputable, and competitive association that enables the players and other members to compete throughout the league. Thus developing an environment in which parents, supporters, and players can proudly associate with the club presently, and in the future. The Goals During the next two years, Gosford All Blacks will seek to achieve the following nonfinancial and financial goals: Non-Financial: Increase the number of players to the organization through innovative marketing strategies Increase participation from parents, new coaches, and other volunteers To create an enticing environment from the club and local area for the premier of the Rugby World Cup 2015. Financial: Expand the customer base Obtain more financing opportunities for fan merchandise, and increased distribution Increase advertising revenues Increase sponsorship from supporters in the surrounding area (local business, corporate sponsorships, and international businesses) The vision of GosfordShow MoreRelated Subverting the Conventional: Combining Genre in Kellys Donnie Darko6339 Words   |  26 Pagesproperties (silent, color) or purpose and effect (comic, educational). Further problems arise when attempting to distinguish characteristics between genres of fictional narratives. What are the specific differences between an Anarchic Comedy and a Black Comedy? There are characteristics that can be found in both genres and it is arguable that differentiation between the two genres is not important for understanding thematic or artistic issues found in films of either category. Categorizing genre

Quality Child Care Matters Free Essays

Mother’s have quite the dilemma when deciding when and if to return to work after giving birth to a child. Sometimes the choice is made for them due to financial reasons and sometimes they have the luxury of deciding on which is the best scenario for themselves and their families. In trying to make this decision, mothers may wonder if and how their absence and the choice of child care will affect their child. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Child Care Matters or any similar topic only for you Order Now In all the years I have spend in early childhood education and child care, I think I have probably seen all of the â€Å"scenarios† and know that there is no one right answer. Each situation is different and there are so many variables, even within each variable, but the evidence is so vast that there are certainly findings to please almost everyone (Belsky, 2009, p. 1). In my research on this delicate topic, I have come to the conclusion that the only two factors that can predict positive outcomes for children’s later development is the combination of child care quality and healthy family attachments and support. As you will see, there are so many variables and each plays into the other, but safe and secure relationships at home and in child care are the winning factors in this decades long debate. There are two well-known pieces of data that have been gathered which researchers have utilized throughout the years to study the effects of maternal employment on later development. The first was conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and began in 1979. The NLSY79 is a nationally representative sample of 12, 686 young men and women who were 12-22 years old when they were first surveyed in 1979. These individuals were interviewed annually through 1994 and are currently interviewed on a biennial basis† (US Dept. f Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www. bls. gov/nls/y79summary. htm, para. 1). In 1986, the NLSY79 was used as â€Å"a separate survey of all children born to NLSY79 female respondents† to conduct more child-specific information† (US Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www. bls. gov/nls/nlsy79ch. htm, para. 8). Researchers such as Jay Belsky (1988) first utilized the NLSY79 data to study the effects of early and extensive maternal employment. Belsky, etc al. oncluded â€Å"that children who had initiated care for 30 or more hours per week in their first year and whose care at this level continued through their preschool years evinced poorer academic and social functioning than did children whose full-time care began sometime later – and that this was true whether one looked at teacher reports, parent reports, peer reports, or the children’s own self-reports† (Belsky Eggebeen, 1991, p. 1084). There were some problems with this early research and the data that was used to interpret outcomes. One of the problems was that the two groups studied (maternal employment and non-maternal employment) were too different in so many ways. â€Å"One of the most difficult methodological issues in studying this causal process is the fact that there are substantial differences between women who work soon after their child is born and women who do not† (Hill, Waldfogel, Brooks-Gunn, Wen-Jui, 2005, p. 834). Another problem with this wave of research was that â€Å"the effects of different features of the child-care experience, particularly the quality of the care, the amount or quality of care, and the type of care† (Belsky, Vandell, Burchinal, et al. 2007, p. 682) were not taken into account at the same time. Prior research â€Å"examined one or another feature of the child-care experience, but never all three† (Belsky, Vandell, Burchinal, et al. , 2007, p. 682). The second wave of research was based on more specific data â€Å"to examine the concurrent, long-term, and cumulative influences of variations in early child care experiences on the cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and physical development of infants and toddlers† (Friedman, NICHD, 1992, p. 1. . These researchers were interested not only in the effects of child-care, but the â€Å"endurance of effects† (Belsky, Vandell, Burchinal, 2007, p. 682). They continued to follow up with children from 4 ? – 11 years of age. This goal of this study was â€Å"accomplished through the implementation of a study design that takes into account the complex concurrent, long-term and cumulative interactions among characteristics of the family and home, of the child care environments, and of the child† (Friedman, 1992, p. 6). Researchers such as Jennifer Hill and Jane Waldfogel (2005) utilized the NICHD data to determine the effects of maternal employment with easier access to more varied situations. They broke up their results into four categories – Comparisons Between Worked After First Year and Never Worked, Comparisons Between Worked Part Time in the First Year and Did Not Work Until After the First Year, Comparisons Between Worked Full Time in the First Year Versus Did Not Work Until After the First Year, and Comparisons Between Worked Full Time in the First Year Versus Worked Part Time in the First Year (pp. 839-842). These researchers concluded that â€Å"negative effects of maternal employment on children’s cognitive outcomes were found in our analyses primarily for children whose mothers were employed full time in the first year postbirth as compared with children whose mothers postponed work until after their child’s first year of life and also as compared with mothers who worked part time in the first year. Negative effects in terms of increased externalizing behavioral problems were evident in each of these comparisons involving mothers who worked full time in the first year† (Hill, Waldfogel, Brooks-Gunn, and Hann, 2005, p. 44). Although the use of the NICHD study did allow researchers to analyze the data utilizing more correlations between diverse situations, there is even later research that delves even deeper into the mixed bag of maternal work situations, family dynamics, home-life, child-care situations, etc. Heather Joshi, et al. , extended the studies even furthe r by including events such as, â€Å"additional information concerning the types of jobs that they return to: are these jobs routinized or do they provide a degree of autonomy† (2008, p. ). Also included in these studies is the â€Å"interactions between our maternal employment measures and additional maternal characteristics and behaviors† and the â€Å"differences by gender† (Joshi, Cooksey, Verropoulou, Menaghan, Tzavidis, 2008, p. 2). The results of these more recent studies lend â€Å"only limited support to negative effect of mother’s employment per se during infancy and the pre-school years on later child well-being† (Joshi, Cooksey, Verropoulou, Menaghan, Tzavidis, 2008, p. ). The extent and expansion of variables for research surrounding maternal employment continues to grow. Joshi, et al. , are currently working on expanding on their set of â€Å"both maternal employment and maternal/family background variables† Joshi, Cooksey, V erropoulou, Menaghan, Tzavidis, 2008, p. 3) which should be completed sometime in 2009 (the results for which I have not yet been able to locate). There are four questions that have motivated current research on this topic. They have been identified as: Does extensive child care in the first year of life disrupt attachment between mother and child, what is the influence of varying types of in child care quality on children’s development, do long hours spent in child-care add to later behavior problems, and what are the effects of the types of child-care that are available? Mother-Child Attachment The earliest studies surrounding maternal employment and attachment came up with many mixed results which is one of the main reasons that the NICHD decided to begin their own study (1986). Assessment of the mother-child attachment relationship is made using various measures, including the Strange Situation† (Friedman, NICHD, 1992, p. 12). The Strange Situation was a psychological study designed by Mary D. Ainsworth which consisted â€Å"of eight episodes presented in a standardized order for all subjects† (1978, pp. 32-33) which tested the reactions of children, ages 12 – 18 months, w hilst in the presence of mother only, mother-stranger, stranger only, and alone (including the return of mother during each separation from her). According to the NICHD, â€Å"there were no significant main effects of child-care experience (quality, amount, age of entry, stability, or type of care) on attachment security or avoidance† and there were â€Å"significant main effects of maternal sensitivity and responsiveness† (NICHD, 1997, https://secc. rti. org/abstracts. cfm? abstract=9). These negative affects in attachment were also amplified when â€Å"combined with poor quality child care, more than minimal amounts of child care, or more than one care arrangement† (NICHD, 1997, https://secc. ti. org/abstracts. cfm? abstract=9). Child Care Quality The quality of the child-care of a child proves to be one of the most important factors when addressing the impact of child-care on child development. When assessing the impact of child-care quality, it is important to look at child-staff ratio, group size, and caregiver education and/or training. The quality of the interactions between caregivers and children, between peers, as well as how caregivers facilitate these interactions is also a tremendous indicator of child-care quality. According to the NICHD, children who experience high-quality child-care have higher scores on achievement and language tests, show fewer behavioral issues and better social skills. Programs like the federally funded Head Start can also function as an intervention for children from at-risk families/situations. In 2007, Belsky conducted a study based on the NICHD findings and concluded â€Å"that quality and type of care remained associated with children’s vocabulary and problem behavior† (2007, p. 297). In a 2002 study (also based on NICHD), researchers Hill, Waldfogel, Brooks-Gunn concluded that children who participated in no non-maternal care and home-based, non-maternal care â€Å"would have gained the most from high quality center-based care and moreover, would have more consistently remained the bulk of these benefits overtime† (2002, p. 1). Hours Spent in Child Care Although the findings seem to be mixed, there is some evidence that the amount of hours spent in child care may be a cause for some behavior problems, namely aggressive behavior. The NICHD researchers (Belsky, Hill), did conclude that â€Å"children with more experience in child-care centers were rated by their teachers as showing somewhat more disruptive behavior in sixth grade† (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, n. d. , p. 2), but more recent research (Joshi, Cooksey, et al. ) explored â€Å"various interactions between our maternal employment measures and additional maternal characteristics and behaviors† (2008, p. 2) to be added risk factors for behavioral issues. Type of Child Care There are also mixed findings in the effects of the type of child care situation a young child experiences. I feel rather strongly that a primary caregiver relationship is best for the young infants entering child care (whether it be in a more formal, group care setting or a private situation). Unfortunately most group child care programs do not offer a primary caregiver model which definitely contributes to the disorganization and unpredictability of the care that a child receives. With a primary care model, caregivers can â€Å"promote a stronger attachment than might happen if attachment were left to chance or if all the caregivers relate to the whole group without differentiation† (Gonzalez-Mena, 2007, p. 49). Penelope Leach, et al. also state that â€Å"children who experience greater caregiver stability while attending early years settings have been found to have more secure relationships with their caregivers and to show higher degrees of social competence† (2008, p. 180). When child care provider implement practices that support child development (whether it be group care of private care), the results are positive. What it all seems to come down to is that the effects of maternal employment are complex and vary from family to family, child care situation to child care situation, and parental style/characteristics. The NICHD researchers clearly suggest that â€Å"we seek to move beyond the determination of possible risks that may be presented by child care as a unitary category. Rather, we want to find out how the effects of non-maternal care vary as a function of different variables such as child care quality, the extent of its use, characteristics of the children and of their family and home† (Friedman, NICHD, 1992, p. 10). These factors combined with family income/education and child gender make for a very complicated study. One factor seems to influence the other and there are so many variables. The one thing that does stand out in all of the research is that developmental outcomes are dependent upon the quality of child care and family dynamics. When a child is feeling supported by both his/her parents and the people that care for him/her, the outcomes are favorable. Quality child care programs support cognitive, physical, social-emotional development, but unfortunately so many families do not have access to these programs due to their lack of availability and the high cost of most quality programs. A proof in point is that I am currently a private child care provider and due to my expertise, I am able to charge higher rates than others in my field, but only families that can afford these rates are able to hire me. The sad thing is that â€Å"a national study of 100 child care centers found that 92% of them provided inadequate care to infants† and â€Å"it was reported that two in five centers were rated less than minimal† (FSU Center for Prevention Early Intervention Policy, http://www. peip. fsu. edu/resourceFiles/resourceFile_81. pdf). Keep in mind that these figures are based on child care centers with varied tuition rates in various parts of the county. Those numbers are just staggering and unacceptable, but make perfect sense when you take into account that child care providers are usually not professionally trained or minimally trained and receive very low wages. Teacher training and regulations on child care centers are getting stricter which is a good sig n. More and more mothers are returning to work and it is only cost effective that the investments we make in early child care practices will result in better adjusted and academically successful children in the years to come. References Ainsworth, M. (1978). Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation Philadelphia: Laurence Earlbaum Associates, Inc. Belsky, J. Eggebeen, D. (1991, January 1). Early and extensive maternal employment and young children’s socioemotional development: children of the national longitudinal survey of youth. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(4), 1083-98. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ440714). Retrieved August 15, 2009 from ERIC database. Belsky, J. , Vandell, D. , Burchinal, M. , Clark-Stewart, K. , McCartney, K. , Owen, M. (2007, March 1). Are there long-term effects of early child care?. Child Development, 78(2), 681-701, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ756658). Retrieved August 15 From ERIC database. Belsky, J. (2009, March). Effects of child care on development. Institute for the Study of Children, Families and Social Issues. Birkbeck University of London. Gonzalez-Mena, J. Infants, toddlers, and caregivers. Boston: McGraw-Hill. FSU Center for Prevention Early Intervention Policy. (n. d. ). Research on quality child care For infants and toddlers. Retrieved August 25, 2009 from https://www. cpeip. fsu. edu. Hill, J. , Waldfogel, J. , Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002, September 1). Different effects of high quality Care. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 21(4), 601-627. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ772831). Retrieved August 15, 2009 from ERIC database. Hill, J. , Waldfogel, J. , Brooks-Gunn, J. , Han, W. (2005, November 1). Maternal employment and child development: a fresh look using newer methods. Developmental Psychology, 41(6), 833-850. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ733669). Retrieved August 25, 2009. Joshi, H. , University of London, Cooksey, E. , The Ohio State University, Verropoulou, G. , University of Piraeus, Menaghan, E, The Ohio State University, Tzavidis, N. , University of Manchester. (2008). Combining childrearing with work: do maternal employment experiences compromise child development. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://iussp2009. princeton. edu/download. aspx? submissionId=92322. Leach, P. Barnes, J. , Malmberg, L. , Sylva, K. , Stein, A. (2008, February 1). The quality of different types of child care at 10 and 18 months: a comparison between types and factors related to quality. Early Child Development and Care, 178(2), 177-209. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ782856). Retrieved August 15, 2009 from ERIC database. Motherhood-extent and effects of maternal employment. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 26, 2009 from http://family. jrank. org/pages/1187/Motherhood-Extent-Effects-Maternal- Employment. html National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. Scientific briefs: how early child care affects later development. (2007). Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www. developingchild. net. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care: A comprehensive Longitudinal Study of Young Children’s Lives. (1992, June 1). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED353087). Retrieved August 15, 2009 from ERIC database. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1987). The effects of infant child care on infant- Mother attachment security: results of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 68. How to cite Quality Child Care Matters, Papers

Impacts of Tourism Industry on Host Community MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impacts of Tourism Industry on Host Community. Answer: Introduction: Aviation industry is one of the major components running the global economies today with numerous countries investing so much in it to drive the economic strategies. The industry facilitates transportation of both heavy cargo as well as passenger to various destinations across the globe. It has greatly contributed to the growth of different economic sectors of various countries, including transport, tourism, the employment sector, trade and international relations and cooperation. The global aviation industry has unified the world through quick transportation, international trade and diplomatic relations; which has led to meaningful diplomatic cooperation between global nations. Although most countries have invested heavily in their aviation sectors, it is known that the degree of investments in this industry differs from country to country with economically superior nations such as the UK having much developed aviation industries. The aviation industry plays a big economic role in travel and tourism sectors. It also contributes to employment of various professionals in the field of aviation profession. Aviation industry has enhanced rapid growth in the global tourism sector, by enabling transportation of passengers across the world to the tourist destinations. It is estimated for instance that, in the UK, aviation industry supports tourism activities by enabling transportation of over 2.8 billion passengers in a year (Perovic 2013). This directly impacts on the economic growth of the country as the revenue collected both from the tourism and air transport translates into national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The significance of the tourism to the UK government necessitates creation of favourable environment for tourist activities and this includes providing reliable means of transport. With the increased competition in aviation industry among various countries (Bel Fageda n.d.), the UK aviation industry has a task to keep up the standards, and deliver quality services. The Impact of Aviation Sector to Tourism London being the largest city and the capital of the UK is a major tourist attraction centre. The city has a rich ancient history with a lot of tourist attractions sites which makes it a very important economic city within the country. With the much interest across the world from foreigners to visit the city, the aviation sector comes in as a crucial player facilitating locomotion of people to their different destinations in London. The historical greatness of the London city makes it a dream city to visit for most visitors across the world. According to (Regeneris Consulting 2013), Heathrow airport in London alone transports over seventy million passengers a year. With these aviation activities in passenger transportation, the tourism industry is the greatest beneficiary. Tourism in London contributes greatly to its economy. The city has experienced recent economic growth due to the improved aviation sector leading to increased visitations from the foreigners. With the recent hosting of the Olympics games in 2012, the number of event tourists that flocked the city boosted the economy through tourist expenditure (Blake 2005). The event also led to increased international media coverage, which raised the global attention towards the city. With the a host of international athletes, officials and spectators all braced up for the London experience in the year 2012, the aviation sector played a very huge role of transporting the foreign visitors from various parts of the world in to London. The aviation sector apart from being number one tourism promoter has also been a strong player in advancing the infrastructural development within the city. For tourism to flourish, good roads are required to connect the airports and the various tourist destination centers. The Aviation industry in the UK has successfully fulfilled this expectation. The proposal of the expansion of the Heathrow airport was as a result of forecast of potential increase in the number of visitors who would visit the city of London (Boon et al. 2008). This coupled with the cheap air prices and excellent services also played a big part in promoting London to Olympic Games host city. All this translates to revenues for the London economy and the high numbers predicted to flock the city after the expansion of the Heathrow airport and 2012 Olympic Games was a good economic indicator for the London City. The aviation industry has been the connecting factor between the people of the UK and their relatives abroad and has also enabled adoption of immigrant workforce. With high numbers of different cultural diversities converging in the UK cities such as London, there is introduction of new cultures, hence making London not just a tourism centre but a centre for cultural diversity. The existence of the competitive and modern aviation industry at the heart of the London city and the UK at large has been the greatest game changer in the various economic aspects more just than tourism alone. The aviation industry has transformed London to a more diverse city more economically; improvement of infrastructure has been notable, e.g. the expansion of the Heathrow airport to accommodate more visitors in to the city. The industry for instance, in 2004, directly contributed to the UK GDP over 10 billion and created employment for over 180,000 people which is a massive boost for the economic growth (Oxford Economic Forecasting 2006). The industry also supports other sectors indirectly as it plays a crucial role in their existence and performance. Serving as a link up with other upcoming and robust economies such as china, the aviation industry promotes international trade between the UK and other countries such as China. The international trade and diplomatic cooperation enables tourism between the countries involved. It is common nowadays for the UK citizens to travel abroad to other nations for tourism activities due to enhanced diplomatic relations. It is widely known that for the successful performance of a tourism industry in any country, the excellent aviation industry comes in as an inevitable factor that directly enhances tourism as well as promoting its activities. It is fundamental to invest in aviation industry if at a nation wishes to achieve its tourism goals for their citizens (Alsolami et al. 2015). For sustainable tourism, the aviation industry should play at its top game ensure frequent flow of tourists within and without tourist destinations. The UK aviation industry has facilitated sustainable tourism in their major city of London. According to (Wong Choong 2014), London city was the most visited city in the year 2004, with over 18 million visitors. The increased number of visitors within the UK arrives through the Heathrow airport in London, a point that epitomizes the tourist hub status the city has. With majority of the UK visitors having to enter through London, it gives the city an added advantage to its tourism economy as most of the visitors spend considerable amount of time within the city hotels before travelling elsewhere while others pitch their camp within the city altogether. But with all the factors favouring the UK aviation industry in boosting the tourism industry, it is wise to acknowledge that sustaining the good run of boom tourism industry has not been without challenges. According to (Cheng n.d.), the increased numbers of people flocking the Heathrow airport has caused a lot of human traffic. Long immigration queues means that the airports facilities are overwhelmed. Another notable indicator is the decrease of number of tourists especially in the year 2014; a call up for the needed improvement in performance of key areas that facilitate the growth of tourism. The tourism record deficit of slightly over 16 billion (UK Tourism Statistics 2015) indicated that there has been a fluctuating trend in the number of tourist activities within the major UK cities. The recent political events such as brexit, means that the industry will be affected. The Impact of Sustainable Tourism Tourism is major revenue generator for the UK economy. The sector in conjunction with the hospitality industry and the aviation sector are strong economic drivers. There is a strong relationship between the aviation industry and tourism. The aviation industry plays a key complimentary role in ensuring the sustainable tourism while in return, tourism rewards economy with revenue generation from tourism activity charges, as well as creation of employment. Tourism has been an important source of employment for many citizens in the UK (Oxford Economics 2015), and also it is an important sector that contributes heavily on the GDP. London city, the main capital of the country is the major player in tourism holding larger share and highest employment uptakes. For sustainable tourism over continuous period of time, investing strategically in support industries is fundamental, as they provide a direct injection of energy in to the tourism sector. A better aviation industry, developed hospitality industry and good roads and infrastructure coupled with favourable economic conditions are major catalysts of sustainable tourism. The UK and its major cities such as London have enjoyed stable conditions that facilitate tourism activities. The 2012 Olympic Games in London further boosted the countries event tourism sector. According to (London Partners 2015), event tourism and leisure alone in the city contributes over 2 billion to the citys economy, which is a massive boost. But with all these achievements in the tourism industry in London, there lies a major facilitator in the name of Heathrow airport, the number one airport in the UK that handles majority of the passenger entries as well as handling international cargo for the international trade. There is inseparable relationship between the aviation and the tourism industries. According to (Stop Stansted Expansion 2012), there are two main ways in which the UK aviation industry directly relates with the UK tourism industry. The UK aviation industry both in the country and overseas contributes heavily on the tourism by facilitating visits in to UK from overseas residents. Similarly, the aviation industry also facilitates overseas visits of the UK residents by air, which translate in the revenue for the aviation industry. It is estimated that in the year 2010 alone, the UK aviation industry facilitated over 20 million visits of overseas residents in the country, including business visits and over 40 million UK residents made visits abroad. Therefore, the sustainability of tourism heavily depends on the aviation industry to ensure constant flow of the visitors in and outside the country. The social responsibility of aviation industry has ensured that sustainable tourism is maintained. The UK tourism industry contributes over 4% of the GDP, generated from hospitality and transport sectors (Heathrow n.d.). Having a good road network connecting the cities, and airports developed as well as diverse hospitality industry have contributed hugely to sustainable tourism within the country and its major cities. With all the factors influencing tourism in favour of the industry, there are greater benefits that are achieved as a result. Tourism is major economic player in the development of infrastructure, and creation of employment, both seasonal and permanent. Sustainable tourism and how it impacts on the economy, hence, is not just a one sector function. It goes from having a good aviation industry that fulfills the customers expectations (Kamarudin 2015), to a developed hospitality industry and favourable political environment. The benefits of tourism to many countries economies are invaluable, the benefits gained are greater and this is why the UK recognizes the importance of having a strong aviation industry to sustain tourism activities. The Relationship between Aviation Industry and Tourism There is high possibility that the tourism industry can operate without the aviation industry. During the times before industrial revolution in Europe and Middle East, tourism industry still operated under set standards. But the conspicuous difference is that, with the emergence of the aviation industry, a lot has changed. The tourism industry has improved tremendously as it benefits from the logistical services provided by the aviation sector, with reduced amount of travelling time enabling mass transportation of travelers from one tourist destination to another. The sustainability of tourism entirely means the ability of managing tourism activities and its ability to impact on the economy through job creation, and a sustaining economy for the local people as well as respect for cultural aspects of the society (Kozak Kozak 2011). But for the tourism to attain sustainable status, it has to be supplemented by the aviation sector. The economically superior countries such as the UK still had their tourism and hospitality industries running before the emergence of the aviation sector. Cities like London had already diverse cultures enhanced by the ancient barter trade. The mutual relationship between tourism and aviation sector is a post-industrial revolution milestone that has experienced robust economic growth among the various nations across America, Europe and Asia. The development and commercialization of the aviation has completely changed the face of tourism industry. With the movements of people made easier from one country to another through air transport, it has now become much easier for the modern cities of the London caliber with rich cultural history to sell out itself for the potential visitors coming to have a view at the historically great city and having a general feel of a new diverse environment (Zaei Zaei 2013). The world economy has experienced a boom over the last fifty years opening up economic opportunities and expansion of the economies (Ashley et al. n.d.). The economic growth is facilitated with the increased business competition among nations. Science and technology has evolved the world in to more commercialized global village. As such, the most countries have developed their important sectors of the economy, with aviation industry and tourism being the most prioritized ones as they directly enhances economic growth both directly and indirectly. In recent days, the countries have developed the aviation and tourism industries in such a way that, they have to directly depend and supplement each other for maximum generation of the GDP. Global tourism competition means that only the best packaged tourist destinations such as the London city win the larger market share due to high number of tourist visits. Likewise, the best packaged aviation company wins the most passengers and airline business. The open common logic is that when you take away the aviation industry services from the tourism sector, then tourism performance would emphatically fall. Likewise when you take way the tourism activities from the aviation industry, there would be no more numbers of tourist passengers for the aviation industry to transport hence the industrys business would fall. This explains the mutual relationship between the Tourism and Aviation industries. It is characteristically common for most countries with poor aviation industries to have a subsequent poor tourism industry. Since the UK government realizes the economic importance of tourism and that tourism must be integrated into important unit of the economy (Simoni Mihai 2012); they have resorted to strengthening their aviation sector through the expansion of airports such as Heathrow at the heart of the nations economic hub, that is, the city of London. Challenges of the Aviation Industry on Tourism The contribution of aviation industry to sustainable tourism faces numerous challenges from the ever changing world. The current world political events ranging from the brexit vote in the UK, to fierce competition among the global aviation industries and terrorism as an emerging security issue in the contemporary world, are all genuine problems that have negatively impacted badly on the aviation industry, leading to decline of the tourism sector. Tourism is dependent on various environmental aspects and altering one would be felt across the industry (Spanou 2007). The recent brexit vote conducted in the UK to exit the European Union has also impacted negatively on both aviation and tourism industries. The reaction to the shock results and decision of the British citizens to leave their European counterparts was a less received idea across the world. There was an immediate reaction from across the globe causing the British sterling pound to fall in strength dramatically. This meant that the most businesses in the country were affected by the political events and the aviation industry together with the tourism industry too suffered. Lastly, terrorism, a big security menace has ruined many peoples lives across the world affecting business and tourist activities; leaving many in the trauma and battered (Baker 2014); (Bobbitt 2008). Terrorism is an international problem which affects international tourism. The emergence of the Islamic State in the Middle East has spread immensely to other parts of the world including Europe and the UK. The global security is being tested by the emergence of the sophisticated tourist antics including suicide bombing of innocent people. Nowadays, planes being hijacked mid-air or disappearances are not something new. The aviation industry has been hit hard by terrorist acts across the globe and the number of tourists has considerably reduced as less people are willing to take a gamble in an open sea of uncertainty in the name of enjoyment. Conclusion The aviation industry has immensely contributed to the growth and expansion of tourism industry. This in turn has facilitated economic expansion benefiting the countries national GDP, and creation of employment. The London city, one the most visited cities in the world has a robust tourism and hospitality sector, aided by equally robust aviation industry within the country. Heathrow airport in London contributes by facilitating visits both within and outside the UK and London. With the aviation and tourism industries both being important players in creation of employment and generation of revenue, they have also faced challenges ranging from political to terrorism, but recovery is always never an option, it is mandatory (Coshall 2003). From this comprehensive report about the contribution of the aviation sector to the tourism, there are two main recommendations for the aviation and tourism players that they can properly utilize for future improvement: Diversifying the tourism industry and aviation sector to other cities will enhance a variety of tourist activities and aviation growth. Over concentrating too much on one city such as London as the centre of every aviation and tourism and hospitality activities would deprive other cities a chance to grow and diversification of economic activities. 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